Alzheimers disease Wikipedia. Alzheimers disease AD, also referred to simply as Alzheimers, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. It is the cause of 6. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events short term memory loss. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation including easily getting lost, mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. As a persons condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years. The cause of Alzheimers disease is poorly understood. About 7. Alzheimers disease AD, also referred to simply as Alzheimers, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. Patients with pure alexia can write, but they cannot read. They can walk, talk, remember, and find their way around, and they rarely complain about problems with. Other risk factors include a history of head injuries, depression, or hypertension. The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes. Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing. Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis. Mental and physical exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD however, evidence to support these recommendations is not strong. There are no medications or supplements that decrease risk. No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms. Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance, often placing a burden on the caregiver the pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements. Images/Product/BNCE_W-326C.jpg' alt='Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination Pdf To Jpg' title='Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination Pdf To Jpg' />Exercise programmes may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes. Treatment of behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common, but not usually recommended, as there is little benefit with an increased risk of early death. In 2. 01. 5, there were approximately 2. AD. 82 It most often begins in people over 6. Alzheimers which begin before this. It affects about 6 of people 6. In 2. 01. 5, dementia resulted in about 1. It was first described by, and later named after, German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1. In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases. Signs and symptoms. Stages of Alzheimers disease2. Neurolathyrism is a toxic myelopathy caused by ingestion of the Lathyrus sativus grasspea. An irreversible acute to subacute spastic paraparesis or quadriparesis ensues. Brak danych 50 5070 7090 90110 110130 130150 150170 170190 190210 210230 230250 250 Na wczesnych etapach chorob Alzheimera. Effects of ageing on memory but not ADEarly stage Alzheimers. Not remembering episodes of forgetfulness. Forgets names of family or friends. Changes may only be noticed by close friends or relatives. Some confusion in situations outside the familiar. Middle stage Alzheimers. Greater difficulty remembering recently learned information. Deepening confusion in many circumstances. Problems with sleep. Trouble knowing where they are. Late stage Alzheimers. Poor ability to think. Problems speaking. Repeats same conversations. More abusive, anxious, or paranoid. Foxmail 7 Italiano Download Itunes more. The disease course is divided into four stages, with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functionalimpairment. Pre dementia. The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily living. The most noticeable deficit is short term memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory memory of meanings, and concept relationships can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties are also common. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment MCI. This is often found to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia. MCI can present with a variety of symptoms, and when memory loss is the predominant symptom, it is termed amnestic MCI and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimers disease. Richard_Naugle/publication/9071965/figure/tbl1/AS:394568244711435@1471083808780/TABLE-1-Some-common-complaints-that-might-signal-a-need-for-testing-include-BULLET.png' alt='Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination Pdf To Jpg' title='Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination Pdf To Jpg' />Early. In people with AD, the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis. In a small percentage, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception agnosia, or execution of movements apraxia are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the persons life episodic memory, facts learned semantic memory, and implicit memory the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat or how to drink from a glass are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language. In this stage, the person with Alzheimers is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately. While performing fine motor tasks such as writing, drawing or dressing, certain movement coordination and planning difficulties apraxia may be present, but they are commonly unnoticed. As the disease progresses, people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently, but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities. Moderate. A photograph of a patient at West Riding Lunatic Asylum with dementia. Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living. Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary, which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions paraphasias. Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost. Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses, so the risk of falling increases. During this phase, memory problems worsen, and the person may fail to recognise close relatives. Long term memory, which was previously intact, becomes impaired. Behavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent. Common manifestations are wandering, irritability and labile affect, leading to crying, outbursts of unpremeditated aggression, or resistance to caregiving. Sundowning can also appear. Approximately 3. 0 of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms. Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations anosognosia. Urinary incontinence can develop. These symptoms create stress for relatives and carers, which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long term care facilities. Advanced. During the final stages, the patient is completely dependent upon caregivers. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech. Despite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often understand and return emotional signals. Although aggressiveness can still be present, extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms. People with Alzheimers disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently muscle mass and mobility deteriorates to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves. The cause of death is usually an external factor, such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia, not the disease itself. Choroba Alzheimera Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia. Otpienie w chorobie Alzheimera. ICD 1. 0F0. 0F0. Otpienie w chorobie Alzheimera o wczesnym pocztku. F0. 0. 1. Otpienie w chorobie Alzheimera o pnym pocztku. F0. 0. 2. Otpienie atypowe lub mieszane w chorobie Alzheimera. F0. 0. 9. Otpienie w chorobie Alzheimera nieokrelone. Diseases. DB2. 92. Medline. Plus. 00. Me. SHD0. 03. 70. Choroba Alzheimera ac. Alzheimer, AD od ang. Alzheimers disease najczstsza posta otpienia, nieuleczalna i postpujca choroba neurodegeneracyjna, prowadzca do mierci pacjenta. Opisa j po raz pierwszy niemiecki neuropatolog Alois Alzheimer w 1. Najczciej spotyka si j u osb po 6. W 2. 00. 6 na wiecie cierpiao na ni okoo 2. Przewiduje si, e w 2. Chocia choroba przebiega inaczej u kadego pacjenta, wystpuje wiele czsto spotykanych objaww4. Wczesne symptomy czsto s bdnie wizane z wiekiem lub ze stresem5. We wczesnych stadiach najczstszym objawem jest trudno w przypominaniu sobie niedawnych zdarze. W przypadku podejrzenia diagnoza stawiana jest dziki testom oceniajcym zachowanie i zdolnoci kognitywne, a nastpnie czsto jest wykonywane neuroobrazowanie, o ile istnieje taka moliwo6. Z postpem choroby pojawi si mog takie objawy, jak spltanie, draliwo, agresja, wahania nastroju, trudnoci jzykowe, utrata pamici dugotrwaej. Chorzy wyczaj si w kocu z ycia rodzinnego i spoecznego57. Stopniowo tracone s funkcje yciowe, co prowadzi do mierci8. Choroba u kadego pacjenta przebiega odmiennie, wobec czego prognozowanie w przypadku konkretnej osoby napotyka trudnoci. Nim choroba ujawni si w peni, przebiega skrycie przez nieznany i zmienny okres, potrafi postpowa bez rozpoznania przez lata. Przyczyny i postp choroby Alzheimera wci s sabo poznane. Badania wskazuj, e wie si ona z plakami i spltkami neurofibrylarnymi ang. Obecnie moliwe jest jedynie leczenie objawowe. Nieznana jest terapia zatrzymujca lub odwracajca postp choroby. Wedug stanu na 2. AD, nie wiadomo jednak, czy ktrakolwiek z badanych metod zadziaa1. Z uwagi na nieuleczalno i wyniszczajcy charakter choroby cierpicy na ni wymagaj pomocy otoczenia. Rol gwnego opiekuna obejmuje zazwyczaj maonek lub bliski krewny1. AD zwizana jest z wielkim ciarem nakadanym na opiekunw, obejmujcym wiele paszczyzn spoeczn, psychologiczn, fizyczn i ekonomiczn1. W krajach rozwinitych choroba naley do najbardziej kosztownych dla spoeczestwa1. CharakterystykaedytujPrzebieg choroby podzielono na 4 etapy o postpujcych wzorcach uszkodze poznawczych i funkcjonalnych. PredemencjaedytujPierwsze objawy czsto mylnie przypisuje si starzeniu lub stresowi fizjologicznemu inaczej biologicznemu lub somatycznemu5. Szczegowe testy neuropsychologiczne mog ujawni agodne zaburzenia sfery poznawczej do omiu lat przed spenieniem przez pacjenta klinicznych kryteriw pozwalajcych na postawienie diagnozy AD2. Te wczesne objawy mog dotyczy najbardziej zoonych czynnoci codziennych2. Najbardziej widoczny jest ubytek pamici w postaci trudnoci z przypominaniem sobie niedawno zapamitanych faktw i niemono zapamitywania nowych informacji2. Subtelne zaburzenia funkcji wykonawczych, na przykad uwagi, zdolnoci planowania, elastycznoci poznawczej, mylenia abstrakcyjnego, lub uszkodzenie pamici semantycznej obejmujcej znaczenia i powizania midzy pojciami rwnie mog by symptomatyczne we wczesnych stadiach AD2. Czsto obserwuje si wtedy apati, pozostajc najbardziej uporczywym objawem neuropsychiatrycznym w przebiegu choroby2. Przedkliniczny okres AD nazywa si take faz agodnych zaburze poznawczych MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment2. Dla AD charakterystyczna jest posta amnestyczna MCI, w ktrej dominuj zaburzenia pamici. Choroba ta moe si te rozwin z MCI z nieznacznie zaburzonymi wieloma funkcjami poznawczymi, ta posta MCI moe take przej w otpienie naczyniopochodne, a inne postacie MCI w otpienie czoowo skroniowe, otpienie z ciaami Lewyego lub otpienie w chorobie Parkinsona2. Wczesny etapedytujNarastajce pogorszenie zdolnoci uczenia si i pamici prowadzi do ostatecznej diagnozy u pacjentw cierpicych na chorob Alzheimera. W maym odsetku trudnoci jzykowe, zwizane z funkcjami wykonawczymi, percepcj agnozja czy wykonywaniem ruchw apraksja wydaj si odgrywa wiksz rol ni zaburzenia pamici2. AD nie niszczy w jednakowym stopniu wszystkich rodzajw pamici. Pami dugotrwaa epizodyczna, semantyczna i proceduralna s w mniejszym stopniu objte chorob ni zapamitywanie nowych faktw oraz przywoanie niedawnych wspomnie2. Problemy jzykowe wynikaj gwnie z zuboenia sownictwa i spadajcej fluencji sownej, co prowadzi do zuboenia jzyka mwionego i pisanego2. Na tym etapie pacjent zazwyczaj jest zdolny do adekwatnego komunikowania podstawowych myli2. Podczas wykonywania czynnoci wymagajcych ruchw precyzyjnych pisanie, rysowanie, ubieranie si moe wystpi apraksja w postaci trudnoci w koordynacji i planowaniu pewnych ruchw zazwyczaj jest ona niezauwaana2. Pacjenci czsto mog prbowa samodzielnie wykonywa liczne czynnoci, potrzebuj jednak pomocy lub nadzoru w czynnociach wymagajcych sprawnych funkcji kognitywnych2. Etap umiarkowanyedytujPostp choroby w kocu uniemoliwia samodzielno. Chorzy nie s w stanie wykona najczstszych codziennych czynnoci2. Trudnoci jzykowe staj si wyrane z powodu niemoliwoci nazywania anomia. Skutkuje to czstymi nieprawidowymi zamianami sw parafazja. Umiejtnoci czytania i pisania s take progresywnie tracone2. Zoone sekwencje ruchowe staj si mniej skoordynowane wraz z postpem choroby, wzrasta wic te ryzyko upadkw2. Na tym etapie pogarszaj si problemy z pamici, chory moe mie trudnoci z rozpoznawaniem bliskich krewnych2. Pami dugotrwaa, wczeniej nietknita, ulega uszkodzeniu2. Pojawiaj si zmiany behawioralne i neuropsychiatryczne. Czst manifestacj stanowi bdzenie, zo i labilno afektu, co prowadzi do paczu, wybuchw agresji i oporu stawianego opiekunom2. Wystpuje rwnie sundowning objawy ulegaj zaostrzeniu w godzinach popoudniowych i wieczornych3. Alzheimera rozwija urojeniowy syndrom bdnej identyfikacji i inne objawy urojeniowe2. Trac oni rwnie wgld na rozwj choroby i zwizane z tym ograniczenia anosognozja2. Moe rozwin si nietrzymanie moczu2. Objawy te prowadz do stresu obejmujcego krewnych czy innych opiekunw. Moe go zredukowa przeniesienie chorego spod opieki domowej do odpowiedniej placwki2. Etap zaawansowanyedytujW kocowym okresie choroby Alzheimera pacjent wykazuje cakowit zaleno od opiekunw2. Jego jzyk ulega redukcji do kilku fraz czy nawet kilku pojedynczych sw, w kocu moe to doprowadzi do cakowitej utraty zdolnoci mowy2. Pomimo utraty werbalnych umiejtnoci lingwistycznych chorzy mog czsto rozumie i odpowiada na sygnay emocjonalne2. W kocu nie s oni w stanie wykona samodzielnie nawet najprostszego zadania bez pomocy2. Masa miniowa i mobilno zmniejszaj si, przykuwajc pacjenta do ka, nastpuje utrata zdolnoci do samodzielnego jedzenia2. Choroba prowadzi do mierci pacjenta, ktra nastpuje zazwyczaj na skutek czynnikw zewntrznych, jak infekcja odleyn czy zapalenie puc2. Przyczyna choroby Alzheimera pozostaje zasadniczo nieznana3. Przyczyn prbuje wyjani kilka konkurencyjnych hipotez. Hipoteza cholinergicznaedytujNajstarsza jest hipoteza cholinergiczna, na ktrej bazuj dostpne obecnie sposoby farmakoterapii3. Proponuje ona, e za AD stoi zmniejszona synteza neurotransmiteraacetylocholiny. Hipoteza ta nie ma mocnego oparcia, bowiem leki majce za zadanie ingerowa w niedobr acetylocholiny nie okazay si zbyt skuteczne. Zaproponowano te inne czynniki zwizane z ukadem cholinergicznym, jak inicjacja wielkoskalowej agregacji amyloidu3. Hipoteza amyloidowaedytujW 1. Postulat ten wspiera fakt pooenia genu APP ang.